[PDF]腰椎间盘突出症诊疗指南
# [PDF]腰椎间盘突出症诊疗指南
**来源**: 期刊PDF
**期刊**:
**日期**: 2026-07-20
**关联病种**: 腰椎间盘突出(结算:椎间盘移位(98))
**原文**: [https://www.gszyy.com/upload/history/main/lzzgxslp/2022/7/202207131740133334.pdf](https://www.gszyy.com/upload/history/main/lzzgxslp/2022/7/202207131740133334.pdf)
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中华骨科杂志2020年4月第40卷第8期Chin J Orthop, April 2020, Vol. 40, No. 8
·477·
·指
南·
腰椎间盘突出症诊疗指南
中华医学会骨科学分会脊柱外科学组;中华医学会骨科学分会骨科康复学组
通信作者:田伟,Email: tianweijst@vip.163.com;陈伯华,Email: bhchen@hotmail.com
【摘要】腰椎间盘突出症是骨科常见疾病,人群发病率高。随着社会发展和生活方式的改变,腰椎间盘突出症的发
病率呈现逐渐增高的趋势。鉴于腰椎间盘突出症诊疗理念和技术手段的不断进步,有必要对腰椎间盘突出症的诊断和治
疗方法进行总结和规范其诊疗流程。本指南遵循循证医学的原则,参照2013年我国卫生行业科研专项项目制订的《腰椎
间盘突出症诊疗指南专家共识及临床路径》和2013年北美脊柱外科学会制订的《腰椎间盘突出症伴神经根病诊疗指南》,
经过指南注册及指南计划书撰写、组建指南制订专家工作组及确定临床问题;参照证据推荐分级的评估、制订与评价工作
组相关方法进行检索文献的证据等级和推荐等级评定,形成推荐意见;经专家工作组三轮讨论,最终确定终稿。指南从腰
椎间盘突出症的定义、自然病程、症状和体征、辅助检查、诊断标准、保守治疗、手术治疗、手术疗效评估、手术效果的影响
因素等方面阐述了腰椎间盘突出症的诊疗措施,以期为腰椎间盘突出症的诊断和治疗提供可靠的临床理论依据。
【基金项目】卫生行业科研专项基金(201002018)
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121113⁃20200402⁃00213
Clinical practice guideline for diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation
Chinese Orthopaedic Association of Spinal Surgery Group; Chinese Orthopaedic Association of Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Group
Corresponding author: Tian Wei, Email: tianweijst@vip.163.com; Chen Bohua, Email: bhchen@hotmail.com
【Abstract】
Lumbar disc herniation is one of the most common orthopaedic diseases. With the increasingly improvement of
the diagnosis and treatment strategies of lumbar disc herniation, it is necessary to standardize the diagnosis and treatment proce⁃
dures in lumbar disc herniation. Based on the principle of evidence⁃based medicine, the guideline was developed according to the
Expert Consensus and Clinical Pathway of Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for Lumbar Disc Herniation developed by Special
Scientific Research Project of Medical Industry in 2013 and clinical guidelines of diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc hernia⁃
tion with radiculopathy developed by North America Spine Society in 2013. After guideline registration, plan publication, expert
working group development, clinical problem screening and determination, the authors systematically reviewed literatures from the
data base of China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, China Biology Medicine and
PubMed. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, the guideline included 119 literatures with 109 in English and 10 in Chi⁃
nese. Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation System was used to rate the quality of evidence and
determined the strength of recommendations. Recommendations were derived from quality of evidence body. After three rounds of
discussions in expert work group, clinical guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation were finally developed.
The guidelines defined the screening for definition, natural history, symptoms and signs, auxiliary examination, diagnostic criteria,
conservative treatment, surgical treatment, evaluation of surgical effect and influencing factors of surgical effect. It can provide a
reliable clinical basis for the diagnosis and treatment in lumbar disc herniation and can improve the prognosis of patients with lum⁃
bar disc herniation.
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121113⁃20200402⁃00213
2013 年,北美脊柱外科学会(North American
Spine Society,NASS)制订了《腰椎间盘突出症伴神
经根病诊疗指南》,提出了腰椎间盘突出症神经根
压迫的诊疗流程和方法。同年,我国卫生行业科研
专项项目制订的《腰椎间盘突出症诊疗指南专家共
识及临床路径》又对我国腰椎间盘突出症的诊治进
行了一系列总结和概括。为了进一步规范腰椎间
盘突出症的诊断及治疗技术,改善腰椎间盘突出症
的治疗效果及预后,本课题组在借鉴已有指南和共
识的基础上,对腰椎间盘突出症诊治相关的中英文
文献进行系统回顾,提出问题并展开讨论,从而制
订《腰椎间盘突出症诊疗指南》,供临床医生参考。
参照2013 年NASS 指南的文献检索原则,于中
国知网(China National Knowledge Infrastructure,
CNKI)、万方数据知识服务平台数据库、中国生物医
学文献数据库(China Biology Medicine,CBM)、
PubMed数据库中对中英文文献进行检索。以“腰椎
间盘突出症(lumbar disc herniation,LDH)”and“定
义(definition)”,
“腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)”and“自
然病程(natural history)[重吸收(resorption)or 预后
骶管囊肿诊疗:上海新华医院神经外科郑学胜团队;好大夫网站满意度排名第一
·478·
中华骨科杂志2020年4月第40卷第8期Chin J Orthop, April 2020, Vol. 40, No. 8
(prognosis)]”,
“腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)”and“诊断
(diagnosis)[症状(symptom)or 体征(sign)or 影像学
(imaging)or X 线(X ray)or CT(Computer Tomogra⁃
phy)or MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging)or 脊髓造
影(myelography)or 椎间盘造影(discography)or 神
经根造影(radiculography)or 神经电生理检查(elec⁃
trodiagnostic testing)]”,
“腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)”
and“ 保守治疗(conservative therapy)[卧床(bed
rest)or 药物治疗(drug/medical therapy)or 运动疗法
(exercise therapy)or 硬膜外注射(epidural steroid in⁃
jection)or 牵引(traction)or 手法治疗(manipula⁃
tion)]”,
“腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)”and“手术治疗
(surgical treatment)[开放手术(open surgery)or 微创
手术(minimally invasive surgery)or 融合手术(fu⁃
sion)or 人工椎间盘置换(total disc replacement)]”
为检索式,检索2019年9月以前的文献。
共检索到英文文献13 339 篇、中文文献17 592
篇。文献排除标准为动物研究、会议摘要、社评、信
件、会议论文及学位论文。文献纳入顺序优先选择
系统性综述、荟萃分析、高质量随机对照研究,其次
为前瞻性非随机对照研究、回顾性队列研究和病例
对照研究,最后为系列病例报告、临床经验、专家委
员会意见等。专家组通过阅读文献标题、摘要和原
文的方式进行筛选,最终纳入文献119篇,其中中文
文献10篇、英文文献109篇。
文献的等级评定采用改良北美脊柱外科学会
2013 年指南的标准,参照证据推荐分级的评估、制
订与评价(Grading of Recommendations Assessment
Development and Evaluation,GRADE)工作组相关方
法,评估研究证据的质量,结合研究设计和其他证
据特征综合判定研究的证据级别。采用3级分类标
准,推荐等级与文献等级评定标准对应,推荐强度
自1级向3级递减。
1 级:①差异有统计学意义的高质量随机对照
研究,或虽然差异无统计学意义但可信区间很窄的
高质量随机对照研究;②高质量随机对照研究的系
统综述(前提是纳入的研究结果具有同质性)。
2 级:①质量稍差的随机对照研究(如随访率<
80%、非盲法对照、随机化分组不合适);②前瞻性非
随机对照研究;③研究结果不同质的1 级研究或2
级研究的系统综述;④回顾性队列研究;⑤病例对
照研究;⑥2级研究的系统综述。
3 级:①系列病例报告;②临床经验、描述性研
究或专家委员会报告的权威意见。
一、腰椎间盘突出症的定义
腰椎间盘突出症是在腰椎间盘突出的病理基
础上,由突出的椎间盘组织刺激和(或)压迫神经
根、马尾神经所导致的临床综合征,表现为腰痛、下
肢放射痛、下肢麻木、下肢无力、大小便功能障碍
等
[1-4]。
二、腰椎间盘突出症的自然病程
关于腰椎间盘突出症自然病程的研究目前多
限于影像学及临床随访。大部分证据表明突出的
椎间盘随时间推移通常会出现不同程度的萎缩,患
者临床功能得到改善,但多见于非包容性椎间盘突
出
[5-6];也有相关证据表明腰椎间盘突出症状的改善
与突出椎间盘的体积、椎间盘退变的变化无关
[7-8],
其具体机制尚不明确(2级推荐)。
三、腰椎间盘突出症的诊断
(一)症状
基于患者年龄和病程、突出椎间盘的位置和大
小、对神经的压迫及神经的炎症反应程度不同,腰
椎间盘突出症常见的症状有:
1.放射性神经根性痛
[9-11](1级推荐);
2.受累神经根支配的肌肉无力和(或)神经支配
区感觉异常
[9-16](1级推荐);
3. 可伴有急性或慢性腰背部疼痛,腰部活动受
限或代偿性侧凸
[10,16-18](1级推荐);
4.儿童及青少年腰椎间盘突出症患者常表现为
腘绳肌紧张
[19-20](3级推荐);
5.马尾综合征
[21-22](1级推荐)。
(二)体征
1. 受累神经根支配的运动和(或)感觉障碍,腱
反射减弱
[9-16](1级推荐);
2.神经牵拉试验阳性
[9,10,12⁃14,16,23-24],主要包括股
神经牵拉试验、直腿抬高试验、对侧直腿抬高试验、
Lasègue征和对侧Lasègue征(1级推荐);
3.腰椎局部压痛,腰部活动受限,椎旁肌紧张或
痉挛
[16,17,24-26](1级推荐);
4. 马尾综合征可出现会阴部感觉障碍,肛门括
约肌无力及松弛
[21-22,27](1级推荐)。
四、辅助检查
(一)X线
X线片在判断脊柱骨结构及序列变化上较其他
影像学方法有诸多优势,提示椎间盘突出方面的间
接征象有局部不稳、椎间隙变窄、代偿性侧凸、牵张
性骨赘等
[28],但不能直接显示腰椎间盘突出,因此
无直接诊断意义,不能作为诊断腰椎间盘突出症的
骶管囊肿诊疗:上海新华医院神经外科郑学胜团队;好大夫网站满意度排名第一
中华骨科杂志2020年4月第40卷第8期Chin J Orthop, April 2020, Vol. 40, No. 8
·479·
Ⅱ
Ⅰ
Ⅲ
方法
[29](3级推荐)。
(二)CT
CT 及三维重建方法可提高腰椎间盘突出症的
检出率
[30-32]。CT 较X 线片可以更好地观察骨性结
构,但对神经、椎间盘等软组织的分辨率较差,较难
分辨椎间盘与神经根的关系
[33](1级推荐)。
(三)MRI
MRI 为腰椎间盘突出症首选的影像学检查手
段。与CT 相比具有以下优势:无放射性损害、可评
估椎间盘退变情况、更好地观察突出椎间盘与神经
根的关系
[34- 36],但对骨性结构压迫的分辨能力较
低
[37-38](1级推荐)。
(四)腰椎间盘突出症的区域定位
根据椎间盘突出的病理和程度(CT或MRI),突
出椎间盘组织在矢状面、水平面和冠状面均有相应
的位置
[1,39]。
1.矢状面:Ⅰ层面,椎间盘层面;Ⅱ层面,椎间盘
上层面即上一椎体椎弓根下切迹椎体平面至椎间
盘上界;Ⅲ层面,椎间盘下层面即椎间盘下界至下
一椎体的椎弓根下切迹椎体平面(图1)。
2.水平面:以椎体后缘为界分1~4区,两侧椎弓
根内界为1、2区,中1/3为1区(中央区),左右1/3为
左右侧2 区(旁中央区),椎弓根内外侧之间为3 区
(外侧区),椎弓根外侧以外为4区(极外侧区,图2)。
3.冠状面:将骨性椎管矢状径分为四等份,从前
至后一至四份分别命名为a 域、b 域、c 域、d 域(图
3)。
其中Ⅲ层面3 区被椎弓根所占,为无实际区域
的空间区。
对腰椎矢状面结构,MRI区域定位较CT区域定
位更具优势。普通CT扫描多局限于椎间盘层面,可
遗漏在椎间盘层面以外椎管内椎间盘组织的图像
(如Ⅱ层面或Ⅲ层面),此时应行腰椎MR或CT三维
重建检查。区域定位可反映不同病理类型、不同严
重程度的椎间盘突出的精确定位诊断
[39-41],为治疗
方法的选择和手术的实施提供参考(2级推荐)。
(五)脊髓造影、椎间盘造影
对体内有特殊金属内植物(如心脏起搏器)无
法行MR 检查的患者,可行脊髓造影、CT 脊髓造影
(computer tomography myelography,CTM)间接观察
神经受压。脊髓造影、CTM对有腰椎手术史的患者
更有优势
[37,42-43]。在诊断腰椎椎间盘源性腰痛、症
状体征与影像学不符合的病例以及腰椎间盘突出
症再手术的术前计划制定时,可行椎间盘造影、CT
椎间盘造影(computer tomography discography,CTD)
辅助诊断和手术策略制订
[44-47](2级推荐)。
(六)选择性神经根造影、神经根阻滞
选择性神经根造影、神经根阻滞可用于诊断及
治疗的目的。在诊断方面常用于以下情况:不典型
的坐骨神经痛、影像学与症状体征不相符、多节段
椎间盘突出明确责任间隙、腰椎手术失败后治疗计
划的制定等
[48-49](2级推荐)。
(七)神经电生理检查
神经电生理检查时腰椎间盘突出症的诊断具
有实用价值,可以在影像学证据的基础上进一步证
实神经根损害的存在
[50]。H反射可以辅助诊断S1神
经根受压的腰椎间盘突出症;肌电图的神经传导和
F 波检查在腰椎间盘突出症的诊断中价值有
图1
矢状面分层。Ⅰ层面,椎间盘层面;Ⅱ层面,椎间盘上层面即上一椎体
椎弓根下切迹椎体平面至椎间盘上界;Ⅲ层面,椎间盘下层面即椎间盘下界
至下一椎体的椎弓根下切迹椎体平面
骶管囊肿诊疗:上海新华医院神经外科郑学胜团队;好大夫网站满意度排名第一
·480·
中华骨科杂志2020年4月第40卷第8期Chin J Orthop, April 2020, Vol. 40, No. 8
4
3
2
1
2
3
4
限
[51-54]。体感诱发电位可作为辅助手段诊断神经根
受压,但是不能独立诊断腰椎间盘突出症及神经根
受压的节段
[54-55]。目前运动诱发电位在腰椎间盘突
出症诊断中的价值尚不明确
[56](2级推荐)。
五、腰椎间盘突出症的诊断标准
在诊断中必须明确腰椎间盘突出与腰椎间盘
突出症的区别。腰椎间盘突出为形态学或影像学
定义,指髓核、纤维环或终板组织超越了相邻椎体
边缘造成的椎间盘局部外形异常
[1,41]。仅凭MRI或
CT即可诊断,不作为临床疾病诊断。而腰椎间盘突
出症为临床诊断名词,是在腰椎间盘退变、损伤的
病理基础上发生椎间盘局限性突出,刺激和(或)压
迫神经根、马尾而表现出腰痛、神经根性疼痛、下肢
麻木无力、大小便功能障碍等;患者具有腰椎间盘
突出症相应的病史、症状、体征及影像学表现,且影
像学与神经定位相符,可诊断为腰椎间盘突出
症
[2,57](1级推荐)。
六、腰椎间盘突出症的保守治疗
腰椎间盘突出症有良性的自然病程,大部分腰
椎间盘突出症的患者经保守治疗症状均能得到改
善
[57-59]。因此,非手术治疗应作为不伴有显著神经
损害的腰椎间盘突出症患者的首选治疗方法。突
出的椎间盘随时间推移通常会出现不同程度的萎
缩,临床功能得到改善。非手术治疗的成功率约为
80~90%
[60-61],但临床症状复发率达25%
[57](1 级推
荐)。
(一)保守治疗的时间
文献报道多数腰椎间盘突出症患者的症状经
保守治疗6~12周得到改善。因此,对无显著神经损
害的病例,一般推荐保守治疗的时间为6~12周
[57,62]
(1级推荐)。
(二)保守治疗方法
1.卧床休息
卧床休息一直被认为是腰椎间盘突出症保守
图2
水平面分区。以椎体后缘为界分区,两侧椎弓根内界为1、2区,中1/3为1区,
左右1/3为左右侧2区,椎弓根内外侧之间为3区,椎弓根外侧以外为4区
a
c
d
b
图3
冠状位分域。将骨性椎管矢状径分为四等分,分别命名为a域、b域、c域、d域
骶管囊肿诊疗:上海新华医院神经外科郑学胜团队;好大夫网站满意度排名第一
中华骨科杂志2020年4月第40卷第8期Chin J Orthop, April 2020, Vol. 40, No. 8
·481·
治疗最重要的方式之一。但越来越多的循证医学
证据表明,与正常的日常活动相比卧床休息并不能
降低患者的疼痛程度及促进患者功能恢复
[63]。对
疼痛严重需卧床休息的患者,应尽量缩短卧床时
间,且在症状缓解后鼓励其尽早恢复适度的正常活
动,同时需注意日常活动姿势,避免扭转、屈曲及过
量负重
[64](1级推荐)。
2.药物治疗
非甾体类抗炎药(nonsteroidal anti⁃inflammatory
drugs,NSAIDs):是治疗腰背痛的一线药物。
NSAIDs可缓解慢性腰痛并改善功能状态,但对坐骨
神经痛的改善效果并不明确,不同种类NSAIDs 之
间效果也未发现明显差异
[65](2级推荐)。
阿片类止痛药:在减轻腰痛方面短期有益
[66]。
在坐骨神经痛患者的症状改善和功能恢复方面,阿
片类药物的效果仍不明确
[67],同时应关注药物长期
使用的副反应及药物依赖(2级推荐)。
糖皮质激素:全身应用可短期缓解疼痛,但缺
乏长期随访的数据;考虑到激素全身使用带来的副
反应,不推荐长期使用
[68](2级推荐)。
肌肉松弛剂:可用于急性期和亚急性期腰痛患
者的药物治疗
[69]。但在治疗坐骨神经痛方面,是否
选用肌肉松弛剂缺乏相关研究(2级推荐)。
抗抑郁药:抗抑郁药对慢性腰背痛和坐骨神经
痛有一定疗效
[70],但目前相关的高证据级别研究较
少(2级推荐)。
其他药物:目前尚没有足够的证据支持麻醉镇
静药、抗癫痫药等对腰椎间盘突出症患者的疗
效
[71-72](2级推荐)。
3.运动疗法
运动疗法包括核心肌群肌力训练、方向特异性
训练、腰痛学校等。应在康复医学专业人员的指导
下进行针对性、个体化的运动治疗
[2,73]。运动疗法
可在短期内缓解坐骨神经痛,但疼痛减轻幅度较
小,长期随访患者在减轻疼痛或残疾方面没有明显
获益
[74](2级推荐)。
4.硬膜外注射
硬膜外类固醇激素注射(epidural steroid injec⁃
tion,ESI)可用于腰椎间盘突出症的诊断和治疗。对
根性症状明显的腰椎间盘突出症患者,ESI 短期内
可改善症状,但长期作用并不显著
[75](2级推荐)。
5.腰椎牵引
腰椎牵引是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的传统手段,
但目前牵引治疗对缓解腰背痛和坐骨神经痛的价
值缺乏高质量的循证医学证据支持
[76]。牵引治疗
应在康复科专业医生的指导下进行,避免大重量、
长时间牵引(2级推荐)。
6.手法治疗
手法治疗可改善腰背部疼痛和功能状态。对
没有手术指征的轻中度腰骶神经痛患者可改善腰
椎间盘突出所致的根性症状
[77],但应注意手法治疗
有加重腰椎间盘突出的风险(2级推荐)。
7.其他
热敷、针灸、按摩、中药等对缓解腰椎间盘突出
症的症状均有一定的效果
[78],但相关文献随访时间
较短,且实验设计有局限(2级推荐)。
七、手术治疗
与非手术治疗相比,手术治疗通常能更快及更
大程度地改善症状。手术治疗方式是安全的,并发
症的发生率也较低,但手术不能改善患者恢复工作
的比例
[79-80](1级推荐)。
(一)手术适应证
手术适应证包括:①腰椎间盘突出症病史超过
6~12 周,经系统保守治疗无效;或保守治疗过程中
症状加重或反复发作;②腰椎间盘突出症疼痛剧
烈,或患者处于强迫体位,影响工作或生活;③腰椎
间盘突出症出现单根神经麻痹或马尾神经麻痹,表
现为肌肉瘫痪或出现直肠、膀胱症状
[80- 82](1 级推
荐)。
(二)手术方式
腰椎间盘突出症的术式可分为四类:开放性手
术、微创手术、腰椎融合术、腰椎人工椎间盘置
换术。
1.开放性手术
后路腰椎突出椎间盘组织摘除术:后路腰椎突
出椎间盘组织摘除术应遵循椎板有限切除的原则,
尽量减少对脊柱稳定性的破坏。手术中短期疗效
优良率90%左右,长期随访(>10 年)的优良率为
60%~80%
[83-85](1级推荐)。
腹膜后入路椎间盘切除术:腹膜后入路椎间盘
切除术能够保留脊柱后方结构的完整性,但间接减
压的理念使其不利于处理非包容型椎间盘突出
[86],
同时需联合融合技术。单独针对腹膜后入路处理
腰椎间盘突出症的相关研究较少,但对椎间盘突出
复发的患者腹膜后入路椎间盘切除术也是一种选
择
[87](3级推荐)。
2.微创手术
经皮穿刺介入手术:经皮穿刺介入手术主要包
骶管囊肿诊疗:上海新华医院神经外科郑学胜团队;好大夫网站满意度排名第一
·482·
中华骨科杂志2020年4月第40卷第8期Chin J Orthop, April 2020, Vol. 40, No. 8
括经皮椎间盘切吸术、经皮椎间盘激光消融术、经
皮椎间盘臭氧消融术及射频消融髓核成形术等。
其工作原理是减少椎间盘内压,间接减轻神经根压
迫。对椎间盘内压增高型的椎间盘突出有一定的
疗效,不适用于游离或明显移位的椎间盘突出,需
严格掌握手术适应证
[80,88](2级推荐)。
显微腰椎间盘切除术:相对于开放手术,显微
腰椎间盘切除术(包括通道辅助下的显微腰椎间盘
切除术)同样安全、有效,可作为腰椎间盘突出症手
术治疗的有效方式
[89-90](1级推荐)。
显微内窥镜腰椎间盘切除术(micro⁃endoscopic
discectomy,MED):显微内窥镜腰椎间盘切除术是开
放手术向微创手术的过渡。尽管其手术操作技术
有较陡峭的学习曲线,但安全性和有效性与开放手
术相当,在住院天数、出血量、早期恢复工作等方面
优于开放手术,可作为开放手术的替代方案
[91-92](1
级推荐)。
经皮内镜腰椎间盘切除术:经皮内镜腰椎间盘
切除术是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的安全、有效的微创
术式,与开放手术、显微或显微内窥镜腰椎间盘切
除术的效果相同,而经皮内镜腰椎间盘切除术更加
微创化,创伤更小、恢复更快
[4,93](1级推荐)。
3.腰椎融合术
腰椎融合术不作为腰椎间盘突出症首选的手
术方案,但以下情况可选择腰椎融合术
[94-96]:腰椎间
盘突出症伴明显的慢性轴性腰背痛;巨大椎间盘突
出、腰椎不稳;复发性腰椎间盘突出,尤其是合并畸
形、腰椎不稳或慢性腰背痛的情况(2级推荐)。
4.腰椎人工椎间盘置换术
腰椎人工椎间盘置换术主要用于腰椎椎间盘
源性腰痛,包括包容型腰椎间盘突出的患者。是否
适用于非包容型椎间盘突出和有严重神经压迫症
状的腰椎间盘突出患者仍无定论。大量超过10 年
的长期随访研究证实该技术具有不低于腰椎融合
术的手术有效性和安全性
[97]。目前针对腰椎人工
椎间盘置换术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的高证据等级
研究较少。同时应注意腰椎人工椎间盘置换术技
术难度及技术要求较高,具有一定的学习曲线(3级
推荐)。
八、手术疗效评估
腰椎间盘突出症手术疗效评估指标分为两类,
即较简单的评定标准和量化评定标准。较简单的
评定标准包括中华医学会骨科学分会脊柱学组腰
背痛手术评定标准
[84]、Macnab 标准
[98]、视觉模拟评
分(visual analogue scale,VAS)
[99-100]等。量化评定标
准多以问卷形式评定,包括日本骨科学会(Japanese
Orthopaedic Association,JOA)腰背痛手术评分标
准
[101-102]、Oswestry 功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability
index,ODI)
[103-104]、健康调查评分表SF⁃12(the short
form⁃12 health survey)
[105]、健康状况评分表SF⁃36
(the short form⁃36 health survey)
[106-107]、EuroQol 健康
指数量表EQ5D
[108]、Roland⁃Morris 功能障碍问卷调
查
[109]等。常用的手术疗效评价指标包括VAS评分、
ODI指数及SF⁃36等
[110-112](2级推荐)。
九、手术疗效的影响因素
吸烟、高龄、肥胖、糖尿病、抑郁症、术前肌力减
退甚至完全性神经功能损伤、术前病程大于3~6 个
月、合并下肢骨关节病等是腰椎间盘突出症手术预
后不良的影响因素
[113-120](2级推荐)。
指南制订成员
田
伟
陈伯华
陈仲强
丁文元
冯世庆
郝定钧
贺宝荣
贺西京
胡有谷
胡永成
海
涌
姜建元
李
波
李
锋
刘少喻
李危石
罗卓荆
马信龙
沈慧勇
舒
钧
王
欢
殷国勇
杨惠林
闫景龙
赵凤东
张国庆
赵
杰
朱庆三
相宏飞
王
岩
执笔
陈伯华
王
岩
胡有谷
参
考
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(收稿日期:2020⁃04⁃02)
(本文编辑:马英)
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